Eutrophication Essay -- Geology

What is eutrophication? Eutrophication is, in the simplest terms, too much of a good thing. It occurs when too many nutrients are deposited into a body of water, throwing off the established balance of production and consumption of organic matter. Eutrophication can take place in ponds, lakes, rivers, and oceans. At first, the overload of nutrients in the body of water encourages plant growth. However, soon this excess of organic material uses up most of the available oxygen in the water, taking it away from the other plants and animals. These other organisms can no longer survive with such depleted oxygen levels and die off, creating what is referred to sometimes as a "dead zone", devoid of life. Below is a table of the different trophic states, or levels of organic matter in relation to available oxygen, that a body of water traverses on its way to becoming a "dead zone". TROPHIC STATES Oligotrophic Clear waters with little organic matter or sediment and minimum biological activity. Mesotrophic Waters with more nutrients, and therefore, more biological productivity. Eutrophic Waters extremely rich in nutrients, with high biological productivity. Some species may be choked out. Hypereutrophic Murky, highly productive waters, closest to the wetland status. Many clearwater species cannot survive. Dystrophic Low in nutrients, highly colored with dissolved humic organic material. (Not necessarily a part of the natural trophic progression.) back to top What causes eutrophication? Eutrophication of bodies of water is a naturally occurring phenomenon. However, the process has been aggravated by the human population. Such man-made eutrophication is caused by excessive discharge of nutrien... ...less * and being a responsible boater by pumping out wastes. back to top Resources 1. Environmental Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ s-enviro/viewpoints/4health/3eutroph/4-3.html 2. Eutrophication, http://www.btnep.org/pages/eutrophication1.html 3. Fish Kills do to Harmful Algal Blooms, http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/ hab/foodweb/fishkills.html 4. Harmful Algal Bloom Photo Gallery, http://habserv1.whoi.edu/hab/ rtphotos/rtphotos.html 5. Impact of Phosphorus on Aquatic Life: Eutrophication, http://www. agnr.umd.edu/users/agron/nutrient/Factshee/Phosphorus/Eutrop.html 6. Marine Research on Eutrophication, http://www.mare.su.se/english/ index.html 7. Midatlantic Integrated Assessment, http://www.epa.gov/emfjulte/ tpmcmaia/html/eutroph.html 8. United Nations Environment Programme, http://www.grida.no Eutrophication Essay -- Geology What is eutrophication? Eutrophication is, in the simplest terms, too much of a good thing. It occurs when too many nutrients are deposited into a body of water, throwing off the established balance of production and consumption of organic matter. Eutrophication can take place in ponds, lakes, rivers, and oceans. At first, the overload of nutrients in the body of water encourages plant growth. However, soon this excess of organic material uses up most of the available oxygen in the water, taking it away from the other plants and animals. These other organisms can no longer survive with such depleted oxygen levels and die off, creating what is referred to sometimes as a "dead zone", devoid of life. Below is a table of the different trophic states, or levels of organic matter in relation to available oxygen, that a body of water traverses on its way to becoming a "dead zone". TROPHIC STATES Oligotrophic Clear waters with little organic matter or sediment and minimum biological activity. Mesotrophic Waters with more nutrients, and therefore, more biological productivity. Eutrophic Waters extremely rich in nutrients, with high biological productivity. Some species may be choked out. Hypereutrophic Murky, highly productive waters, closest to the wetland status. Many clearwater species cannot survive. Dystrophic Low in nutrients, highly colored with dissolved humic organic material. (Not necessarily a part of the natural trophic progression.) back to top What causes eutrophication? Eutrophication of bodies of water is a naturally occurring phenomenon. However, the process has been aggravated by the human population. Such man-made eutrophication is caused by excessive discharge of nutrien... ...less * and being a responsible boater by pumping out wastes. back to top Resources 1. Environmental Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ s-enviro/viewpoints/4health/3eutroph/4-3.html 2. Eutrophication, http://www.btnep.org/pages/eutrophication1.html 3. Fish Kills do to Harmful Algal Blooms, http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/ hab/foodweb/fishkills.html 4. Harmful Algal Bloom Photo Gallery, http://habserv1.whoi.edu/hab/ rtphotos/rtphotos.html 5. Impact of Phosphorus on Aquatic Life: Eutrophication, http://www. agnr.umd.edu/users/agron/nutrient/Factshee/Phosphorus/Eutrop.html 6. Marine Research on Eutrophication, http://www.mare.su.se/english/ index.html 7. Midatlantic Integrated Assessment, http://www.epa.gov/emfjulte/ tpmcmaia/html/eutroph.html 8. United Nations Environment Programme, http://www.grida.no

Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionAcid-base balance in the human organic structure refers to the ordinance of the free H ions present in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] . This balance is important to the continuance of life as it influences many different systems and mechanisms in the organic structure. The mean pH of the blood when all the homeostatic controls are working efficaciously is 7.4. The pH of normal arterial blood is really 7.45 whereas the pH of normal venous blood is 7.35. This difference can be accounted for by the fact that when CO2 is picked up by tissue capillaries, this leads to the coevals of H2CO3. This in bend generates H+ doing the blood more acidic [ 1 ] . It is partially due to the actions of the kidneys which helps maintain the blood within theses rigorous bounds. All reactions affecting enzymes will necessitate that the pH of organic structure fluids remains within a narrow scope. The function of the kidneys in keeping this homeostasis is of import, but is seen as the â€Å" 3rd defense mechanism † , the first being the usage of chemical buffers in the organic structure and the 2nd being changes made in take a breathing which changes the pCO2 ( partial force per unit area of C dioxide ) and hence the concentration of H ions in organic structure fluids [ 2 ] . In this study, I will depict the changes that the kidneys make in seeking to modulate this balance, how the anatomy of the kidney maps to drive these mechanisms and the response of the kidneys when the organic structure experiences acidosis of alkalosis. Besides as portion of my study, I will discourse the effects that a high protein, low saccharide diet has on the acid-base balance of the organic structure, how this is later corrected utilizing nephritic homeostatic mechanisms, the possible nephritic pathology that can happen as a consequence, and the consequence this will hold on nephritic compensation of acid-base balance thenceforth.Important anatomy of the kidneyThe kidneys are the variety meats which are chiefly responsible for the production of urine, before it passes through the ureters to the urinary vesica in the pelvic girdle [ 3 ] . The kidneys are located within the right and left wing and situated retroperitoneally to the spinal column, between the spinal degrees of T12 to T13 [ 4 ] . The kidneys are about 11-14cm lengthwise and the kidney situated on the left side is found to be more inferior. The kidney consists of uriniferous tubule fractional monetary units, of which there are around 1million present [ 4 ] . But it is the internal constructions of the kidney which are of most involvement in relation to the care of acid-base balance ; peculiarly the function of the proximal tubule, type A and B intercalated cannular cells found in the distal and connecting tubules, and the peritubular capillaries. Figure 1 below is a diagram which depicts the cross-section of a kidney and the functional anatomy. [ 5 ] Blood is supplied to the kidneys through the nephritic arterias, which branch straight from the abdominal aorta. Branching occurs once more one time within the kidney. One group of these sub-branches are the interlobular arterias. These run through the nephritic cerebral mantle and subdivision once more to organize the sensory nerve glomerular arteriolas which supplies oxygenated blood to the glomerular capillary bed and besides, the motor nerve glomerular atrerioles. Within the nephritic cerebral mantle, some of these motorial glomerular arteriolas form the web of peritubular capillaries [ 4 ] . These capillaries can either have secreted ions from the intercalated cells, or they can pump ions into the nephritic cannular lms, from where they will be transferred into the urine [ 4 ] .Figure 2 below shows a simplified diagram of the uriniferous tubule, nevertheless efficaciously describes the chemical exchanges which take topographic point. [ 6 ] Intercalated cells Intercalated cannular cells are found in the epithelial tissue of the collection and distal tubules, along with chief cells. The cells found in these tubules, along with all other nephritic tubules are cubelike epithelial ( one exclusion is the lms of the thin limb of the cringle of henle where the cells are level ) . But it is entirely the intercalated cells involved in keeping acid-base balance. The intercalated cells can nevertheless be classified farther, into Type A and Type B. We are able to make this due the fact that these cells have different transporter proteins [ 7 ] . Type A intercalated cells – These cells are more active than type B and act in order to forestall a province of acidosis. This is done by 1 ) secernment of free H+ 2 ) resorption of HCO-3 3 ) Resorption of K+ [ 1 ] . Hydrogen ions are secreted from these cells via an H+/ATPase transporter, a proton pump, which actively secretes them. The Reabsorbtion of K+ ions occurs along side this procedure. It should besides be noted that the presence of aldosterone, which elevates the activity of the H+ -ATPase pump, increases the rate of H+ secernment. [ 4 ] Type B intercalated cells – These cells act in order to forestall a province alkalosis. This is done by Secretion of HCO-3 2 ) resorption of free H+ 3 ) secernment K+ . [ 1 ] Alternatively of the proton pump, these cells contain an H+-ATPase pump. This complex actively transports H+ ions back into the peritubular capillary from the nephritic cannular lms. But the most of import map of these cells is the secernment of HCO3- ions from the peritubular capillary into the nephritic cannular lms for elimination. This occurs in the apical membrane of the cell, where the HCO3- ions are exchanged across the membrane. The transporter through which HCO3- ions are exchanged is non the same as the pump that is utilised in type A intercalated cells. These cells work in sync in order to keep the right balance. Proximal tubule The cells found in this tubule are besides cubelike epithelial cells, nevertheless, these cells differ from the cells found in the nephritic tubules as they have a brush boundary line of microvilli [ 4 ] . This provides a larger entire surface country for the transportation of substances across the cell membranes. Many chondriosomes are besides seen in these cells histologically, in order to supply energy for procedures affecting active conveyance [ 7 ] . Physiologically, the proximal tubule has two chief functions. First, to resorb from the glomerulus any hydrogen carbonate ions which have been filtered. The proximal tubule is the chief site of bicarbonate resorption, with 85-90 % of the filtered hydrogen carbonate being reabsorbed here. Second, it is the primary site of ammonia production. The huge bulk of this production is done within the proximal tubule [ 8 ] . Both of these mechanisms will be discussed in more item in the undermentioned chapters.Nephritic mechanisms of acid-base balanceThe excess nephritic homeostatic mechanisms of acid-base ordinance consist of ; the pneumonic ordinance of pCO2 and buffer systems found in the blood and intracellularly. Interaction does take topographic point between these mechanisms and the action that the kidneys take in keeping acid-base balance [ 9 ] . There are three factors which are regulated by the kidneys refering acid-base balance: H+ elimination HCO-3 elimination NH3 secernment It should be noted that these factors are interrelated and there is no isolation when it comes to keeping their degrees in the plasma [ 1 ] . The purpose of the kidneys is to keep the physiological acid-base ratio of 1:20. This being the ratio between CO2 ( which becomes H2CO3 when dissolved in the plasma ) and HCO-3. Although the three factors mentioned above are physically changed, it is the concentration of HCO-3 which is ever altered during each mechanism, doing it the common denominator that influences plasma acid-base balance [ 10 ] . In a instance of acidosis or nearing acidosis, the buffers can merely make so much to battle the alteration in pH. The anatomy of the kidney involved in releasing H+ ‘s into the piss, in order to be ejected from the organic structure are the proximal, distal and roll uping tubules [ 1 ] . The anatomy of which is described above. These H ions are derived from CO2 found in one of three topographic points ; the plasma, the cannular fluid or fro m the intercalated tubular cells where it is synthesised due to metabolic procedures [ 1 ] . Bicarbonate ions are besides synthesised in the cannular cells from CO2 and H2O, and this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonaceous anhydrase. But the kidney has two functions with respect to bicarbonate ions ; it is involved in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate ions and the elimination of hydrogen carbonate that has been synthesised from its constituents.The site of this resorption within the kidney is found chiefly in the proximal tubule, but there is grounds of this taking topographic point at the distal and convoluting tubule and thick go uping limb of the henle [ 11 ] . At the nephritic atoms, Bicarbonate ions are easy filtered. But in order to forestall organic structure fluids from going greatly acidic, most of these ions must be reabsorbed [ 12 ] . This is the destiny of the huge bulk of these ions, with merely around 0.1 % being lost in the urine [ 9 ] . However as mentioned, the creative activity of new hydrogen carbonate ions occurs within the cannular c ells of the kidney. This procedure takes topographic point each clip there is 1 ) secernment of ammonium and 2 ) the elimination of acid. From the cannular cells, the hydrogen carbonate ions are absorbed into the peritubular lms. [ 13 ] Ammonium secernment is a utile manner in which the kidney can egest more H ions, as it does non affect the demand for organic buffers. The ammonium that is utilized is derived from the dislocation of protein. However as ammonium is toxic even at comparatively low degrees, in the liver, the ammonium ion is bound to a hydrogen carbonate ion in the signifier of either Urea or Glutamine. Once the glutamine is passed onto the proximal tubules in the kidney, the ammonium ion is released, ready for usage [ 9 ] . The demand for this ammonium is due to the fact that the kidneys can non overload the piss with H ions because the urine pH can non be decreased lower so 4.5. The ammonia Acts of the Apostless as a secondary buffer in this sense, along with a phosphate buffer, which is besides present in the cannular fluid [ 1 ] . The purpose of these mechanisms is to forestall the oncoming of acidosis or alkalosis. Acidosis and alkalosis can be classified, depending on which factor have been changed and the cause of this alteration. If the first alteration was in pCO2, either an addition or a lessening, the status will be known as either respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. Whereas if it is a alteration in hydrogen carbonate or H concentration, this will either be metabolic acidosis or alkalosis [ 14 ] The physiological effects of the pH of organic structure fluids rolling outwith the rigorous physiological bounds can hold body-wide systemic effects. For illustration ; fluctuations in the concentration of H ions can change the irritability of certain nerve cells. It besides can hold effects on enzyme activity and K+ degrees in the organic structure fluids [ 1 ] .Nephritic compensation of the systemic effects on acid-base balance, caused by a high protein, low saccharide diet.This diet has come into the public oculus as a manner of cut downing one ‘s organic structure weight, whilst still being able to bask nutrients that would usually be seen as inappropriate if one was on a diet. The construct behind the thought is the remotion of simple saccharides from the diet, and replacing them with high animate being protein nutrient ( e.g sausage and bacon ) [ 15 ] . It has been noted that the immediate alteration to this diet consequences in immediate weight loss. There is an lift in the rate of micturition, doing more Na to be lost, upsetting the balance of Na being taken in and Na being excreted. But the weight that is lost is due to H2O loss, non fat loss. The physiological response of aldosterone production brings the sodium/water balance back to normal [ 16 ] . In the longer term, the degree of saccharide consumed is reduced to the point where, if there was a farther decrease in the ingestion of saccharides, a province of ketonemia would follow. In a survey carried out by Reddy et Al. suggests that a decrease in carbohydrate consumption along with a high protein diet will ensue in â€Å" uncomplete oxidization of fat and attendant ketoanion production † [ 17 ] . The premiss behind this method of weight loss is that by cut downing the degree of saccharide available to the organic structure, fat will be oxidised in the liver to supply energy. In this state of affairs, it is the ketone organic structures produced by this oxidization of fatty acids that become the chief energy beginning [ 18 ] .Protein and carbohydrate metamorphosisAfter protein has been metabolised by the liver, Urea is later produced. The optimal status for urea elimination is when there are low degrees of ADH in the plasma, forestalling most of the resorption of urea by the collection tubules [ 9 ] . Dietary proteins which are ingested are broken down in the tummy by endo- and exopeptidases. The component amino acids are separated from one another by the dislocation of the peptide bonds. The amino acids are so taken up by enterocytes in the little bowel and transported to the blood stream [ 4 ] . The metamorphosis of sulphur-containing amino acids leads to the formation and construct up of ions which have an consequence on acid-base balance ( Cl, P, SO4 ) [ 20 ] . The ground that sulphur incorporating amino acids lead to an increased acid burden is that the oxidization of sulfur to sulphate green goodss protons. Therefore, an addition in protein intake consequences in an addition in the acid burden in the kidneys, due to the oxidization in the liver of aminic acids incorporating sulfur. The organic structure ab initio responds with an addition in the net acid elimination, a lessening in the degree of bicarbonate ions excreted and an addition in GFR ( Glomerular filtration rate ) which later leads to an addition in ammonium elimination. The GFR is thought to increase due to a primary addition in nephritic capillary permeableness [ 19 ] . This is a reaction to an addition in the degrees of N, due to amino acerb dislocation. However this mechanism is non plenty and as a consequence, blood urea N degrees addition. As the GFR additions, more energy is required by the kidney in order to go on to work efficaciously. In the kidney, the energy beginning is the amino acerb glutamine. The rate of its metamorphosis is increased, ensuing in an addition in the degree of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) produced. As the acerb burden of the kidney and therefore figure of proton has increased, ammonium hydroxide, which has the ability to accept protons is released by cannular cells. The a mmonia ions are oxidised to ammonium and extra protons are hence excreted in the piss in the signifier of ammonium. Increased degrees of acid and NH4+ are found in the piss, whereas the degree of bicarbonate ions beads expectedly. However, it should be noted that, as in response to any cause of increased nephritic acid burden, the cardinal stimulation for amminogenesis is the lessening in urinary pH. In some instances, the extent of ammonium elimination can do a ample urinary pH addition [ 20 ] . When saccharides are ingested as portion of the diet, the saccharides are usually found as polyoses. Starch and animal starch are normally obtained chiefly from works beginnings and meat severally. One of the other saccharides found in dietetic consumption, although less common, are the disaccharides. These larger units are broken down during digestion into their constituents. This is chiefly glucose. As a simple sugar, this can be easy absorbed by the enterocytes in the little bowel [ 1 ] . The lessening in dietetic saccharides is instituted in order to do protein the primary beginning of energy, leting fatty acerb oxidization and ketone organic structure formation.Nephritic pathology as a consequence of a high protein, low saccharide dietAs has been discussed, an addition in the degree of dietetic protein ingested increases the acerb burden in the kidneys. This addition can take to different abnormalcies and pathologies happening within the kidneys. Ketosis is associated with a hig h-protein, low-carbohydrate diet when there is drastic lowering of the saccharide consumption. As mentioned antecedently, ketone organic structures are produced upon oxidization of fatty acids. These build up in the blood watercourse. As the saccharide handiness has decreased, the organic structure becomes more and more dependent on fat shops as an energy supply, constructing up the degrees of ketone organic structures. This is seen as a plus point of the diet, as an increased figure of ketone organic structures leads to a loss of appetency. Ketosis has several complications which affect different systems in the organic structure. Some of which are desiccation, irregularity and a inclination to organize kidney rocks. More inauspicious affects include lipemia, faulty neutrophil map, ocular neuropathy and osteoporosis. The mechanisms of which will be discussed in more item [ 21 ] . It has been suggested by Frassetto et Al. that due to a normal western diet, people are predisposed to a long-run, but low class acidosis. This is seen to be amplified in older people, where there is frequently a deterioration of kidney map and the kidney is unable to cover with an increased acid burden. This can frequently take to instances of metabolic acidosis. The underlying mechanism of this induced status is the increasing inefficiency of acerb elimination by the kidneys, and a lessening in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate [ 22 ] . In the survey conducted by Frassetto et Al. analyzing the production of endogenous carbonaceous acids and the degrees of K and protein ions the diet, it was found that there was a strong nexus between carnal protein uptake and nephritic net acid elimination. This was non nevertheless found with vegetable protein. This reinforces the fact it is the consumption of sulphur-containing amino acids which has a greater affect on nephritic acid burden. The figure of sulfur incorporating aminic acids in veggie is much more varied [ 22 ] . There are some surveies which suggest that a high-protein diet can be connected with chronic kidney disease, due to the strain placed upon the kidney by such as diet. The cause of which is cited as the kidney being overworked when covering with some of the by merchandises of protein metamorphosis, for illustration the addition in Urea elimination, and holding to get by with an increased GFR [ 23 ] . Chronic kidney disease can be defined as a state of affairs â€Å" when the maps of the kidneys have been so reduced by a chronic disease procedure † [ 24 ] . This may be seen as a consequence of the cumulative effects of a high-protein diet. However it should be noted that there is difference among different surveies as to the badness of such a disease and which symptoms would be present, if it were to happen. In chronic nephritic failure, the status can be exacerbated by a continued high-protein diet as this can take to increased keeping of certain ions, such as K or phosphate, which are released upon digestion of protein rich nutrients. If the patient besides has a instance of acidosis, this would decline a province of hyperkalaemia. The K found within cells is replaced with H ions, let go ofing more potassium ions into the organic structure fluids [ 24 ] . This is an illustration of how chronic kidney disease can come on due to increased kidney emphasis, brought about by an increased acid burden associated with a high protein diet. Many surveies have now found a nexus between high-protein consumption and osteoporosis. The thought is centred on the fact that a high degree of protein in the diet leads to hypercalciuria, or high degrees of Ca in the piss. One of the beginnings of this Ca is from the soaking up of dietetic Ca in the bowel. However, this addition is non big plenty to propose that this is the ground for hypercalcinuria. It is believed that the beginning of this Ca is bone and hence as a consequence, there is a lessening in skeletal mass. One of the theories to explicate this provinces that, due to the increased acid burden that consequences, nephritic handling of this burden through amminogenesis is non plenty. Calcium arising from the skeleton is released to be utilised as a buffer, before being excreted in the urine [ 21 ] . In the survey carried out by Frassetto et Al. in 2000 which looked at the hip break incidence ( HFI ) rate per 100,000 in adult females aged over 50 from states where per capit a nutrient ingestion information was available, found that â€Å" HFI in adult females over 50 is straight correlated with carnal protein ingestion † [ 22 ] . It should be noted nevertheless that there are surveies which suggest that a low-protein diet leads to a loss of bone-density. A survey done by Hannan et Al. found that â€Å" lower degrees of protein intake were associated with significantly higher rates of bone loss at the hip and spinal column † [ 25 ] . Specific nephritic pathology can be associated with this diet. One illustration is the oncoming of renal lithiasis or the presence of kidney rocks [ 26 ] . As already mentioned, one of the side-effects of a high-protein diet is hypercalicuria. This is a hazard factor for renal lithiasis. Animal protein consumption is linked with other factors which besides increase the hazard. These include ; a lessening in the soaking up of base from the GI piece of land, taking to a lessening of citrate elimination in the piss. As with many jobs associated with a high-protein diet, low saccharide consumption merely worsens the state of affairs. A lower consumption of fruit and veggies reduces dietetic beginnings of base.DecisionThe kidneys and nephritic system are responsible for a broad assortment of maps impacting multiple systems around the organic structure. In relation to acid-base balance, although the kidneys act in concurrence with other mechanisms to keep acid-base homeostasis, they must b e working usually in order withstand even infinitesimal alterations in organic structure fluid pH, caused by pathology or diet. Although the actions of the kidney in acid-base ordinance can be categorised depending on the how the concentration of three chief ions are changed, in order for the mechanisms affecting these to be fulfilled, many different but specific chemical reactions affecting many different countries of nephritic anatomy and biochemical substrates have to take topographic point. Physiological ordinance of acid-base balance can be greatly altered by an addition in dietetic protein intake, the effects of which are merely exacerbated by reduced saccharide consumption. Although the negative effects of such a diet were clear in all the diaries and text editions I have referenced, there is still elucidation needed as to the specific mechanisms of secondary pathology obtained after nephritic handling of this increased acid burden has diminished.

Pursuing a Career as a Physician - 644 Words

On the eve of my fifth birthday, my mother was rushed to the hospital for an emergency C-section. On this night, my sister was born two and a half months premature with a gastrointestinal blockage that sent her straight to the operating room and kept her in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for over three months. Unfortunately, I only had the opportunity to visit my sister a handful of times; my parents adamantly claimed the hospital was no place for kids. The fact that the hospital was off-limits to me peaked my curiosity about what transpired behind the closed doors. I yearned to understand the roles the doctors and nurses played in helping my sister come home. I also longed to see my parents smile and converse in their usual, carefree manner. These months were extremely difficult, as I struggled to grasp the rich complexity of the situation. At a tender age, I was exposed to the frailty of life and the stresses of illness on a family. Moreover, I developed a reverence for the physi cians who enabled my sister to come home and live a normal, healthy life. At the age of ten, there was another medical emergency within my family. My uncle flew to Miami from Jamaica to undergo a delicate cardiac procedure. Her spent the following two months recovering at my home. I did not understand the science underlying his condition, but I recall him being in severe pain. I wanted to help in any way I could, so I tended to his needs before and after school; I prepared his meals andShow MoreRelatedPursuing A Career As A Physician701 Words   |  3 PagesMy decision to pursue a career as a physician was not a blinding revelation, being the daughter of two immigrant parents the thought of becoming a physician seemed distant. In high school I pursued to obtain what for me was then the highest education I perceived I would be able to achieve which was going to college and obtaining a bachelor’s degree. 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Critically Assess The Concept Of Sustainable Development...

Critically assess the concept of Sustainable Development The concept of sustainable development is generally understood in two similar but differing perspectives. The first of these is the social-scientific definition explicated most frequently in relation to the 1987 report of the Brundtland commission.1 This report defines sustainable development as our â€Å"...ability to make development sustainable—to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†2. The second perspective of sustainable development is that of the ecological definition, which holds that it is a necessity to maintaining healthy, thriving ecosystems in order to facilitate concurrent healthy and thriving human societies.3 Thus both of these definitions are propounding a pragmatic normativity, albeit from slightly differing outlooks: the former concerned more with socio-economic factors, and the latter more with environmental considerations.4 Although the term sustainable development was first coined within the Brundtland report,5 the concept of sustainable consumption is not a new one, with it s roots in historic forestry management practices.6 However, since the late 20th century the need for a sustainable form of development has increasingly becoming more and more evident. 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Travel Memoir - 814 Words

Life after Death I remember the day just like it was yesterday, the pale color and coldness of her skin. The sky was clear blue, soft, with a touch of red, and the trees seemed stiff in their bright green shade. The wind was blowing with its humid dry air. And All I could do was stand silently in disbelief, caught up in my own thoughts and calm as I ever been. Wondering what I could have done differently to change the course of time, life had taken us upon. Since that very day a chunk of my heart was ripped away, and broken into pieces†¦ â€Å"Oh how I miss her so much.† It was the morning of October 24, 2010 when I first received the news. I had just come back from a trip to Orlando’s Halloween horror nights, where I had an amazing time and†¦show more content†¦Learning that everyone’s time is precious and we should live every moment alongside the people we love the most, because we’ll never be too sure when they’re going to leave us. 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Beauty is not so easily measured Free Essays

While love is something that can be sensed as being palatable and felt directly within one’s self, beauty is not so easily measured—an aesthetic that is judged by each person according to his or her own likes or dislikes. Kawabata Yasunari’s classic short stories â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile† and â€Å"Immorality† both look at love and beauty and how they are measured, each in a poetic and colorful way. â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile† is a 1929 short story, or â€Å"palm of the hand story,† as Yasunari called them (Ljukkonen, online), about a film writer and his relationship to beauty via his movie that is being filmed, and via his relationship with his wife and children. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty is not so easily measured or any similar topic only for you Order Now    It is a story about beauty and this man’s relationship to beauty, and the psychological relationship he has to the idea of beauty and what is behind the idea of beauty. Yasunari wrote â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile† as a first-person account from the film writer’s standpoint.   The man is on location for a film he has written about patients in a mental hospital, and is in the process of discovering a final scene for his film.   He finds it one morning while â€Å"gazing out on the Kamo River,† (Yasunari, 1929/1990, p. 128) upon waking, finding himself amid the memories of a previous day and recalling a mask that he had seen in a display window.   It is that image that gives him the idea for his final scene of the movie, â€Å"a daydream† (p. 129) filled with masks of smiling faces. The search for the masks to be used in the film becomes the central drama of the story—and the protagonist’s relationship to those masks once he takes them to his wife and children after the filming of the movie is complete.   The masks are delicate and the actors must handle them carefully.   Yet, there is some power within those masks.   The film writer decides to buy them so they can be handled without fear of them being destroyed, and it is in the power of those masks that the protagonist realizes his own relationship with beauty. â€Å"Well then, I’ll buy them.   I did actually want them.   I daydreamed as if awaiting the future when the world would be in harmony and people would all wear the same gentle face as these masks.   (p. 131) His children love the masks, but he refuses to wear them.   His wife agrees to put one on, and it is in that moment that he discovers his true relationship to his wife’s beauty.   â€Å"The moment she removed the mask, my wife’s face somehow appeared ugly† (p. 131).   It is as though he is seeing her face for the first time—and his own idea of her beauty, or, in this case, the â€Å"ugliness of her own countenance† (p. 131).   As his wife lay in the hospital bed, he is faced not only with a new idea of beauty, but his own sense of self—one that might appear as â€Å"an ugly demon† (p. 132) to his wife.   He would be exposed to his real self, his true nature. Psychologist C. G. Jung writes that the mask can be seen as the outer persona we show to the world, the way we want to be seen (Jung, 1929/1983, p. 96).   â€Å"The mask is the ad hoc adopted attitude, I have called the persona, which was the name for the masks worn by actors in antiquity† (Jung, 1921/1983, p. 98).   The narrator is forced to confront not only what lies behind his wife’s beauty/ugliness, but also his idea of his own beauty/ugliness.   The â€Å"beautiful mask† (p. 132) reveals another question, too:   whether or not the face he sees on his wife could be artificial, too, â€Å"just like the mask† (p. 132).   It’s a perplexing question, but one that reveals, like the mask, much about the filmmaker’s relationship to himself and his world. While the idea of beauty colors Yasunari’s 1963 â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† story â€Å"Immortality,† the concept of eternal love is the central theme.   In this short story, two lovers have reunited after being apart for at least five decades—but their reunion comes in the afterlife, as they are now each dead.   Yasunari presents a portrait of an eighteen-year-old girl and a man sixty years her senior walking through some woods in a land they’d both known together while alive.   The scene is haunting as the girl is not aware the man has passed on into the afterlife until the end, when, upon that realization, the two â€Å"go into the tree and stay† (Yasunari, 1963/2005, p. 326). The love between the two has been eternal, in a sense—the girl killed herself because of her love for the man when they had to separate, and he wound up spending much of his life on the land overlooking that spot in the ocean where she died. The man has returned to the land where she died to reclaim her.   He wants to be with her forever.   However, he doesn’t know he is dead, and neither does she. Once she realizes he, too, is dead, they are able to reunite into eternity in nature, merging themselves into an old tree where they will live forever. Like â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile,† Yasunari uses the idea of beauty and the mask that we wear—Jung’s â€Å"persona†Ã¢â‚¬â€as an aspect of â€Å"Immortality.†Ã‚   The girl tells the old man, Shintaro, that she has lived in the afterlife with the image of him as a young man.   â€Å"You are eternally young to me,† (p. 325) she says, even though the man is now old. If I hadn’t drowned myself and you came to the village now to see me, I’d be an old woman. How disgusting.   I wouldn’t want you to see me like that.   (p. 325) For the girl, memories are important.   Her spirit carries them as she lives in the afterlife.   Scholar James Hillman says that memories are important for the soul, carrying with them energy that thrives for the departed person.   The girl realizes this, too, in a way:   â€Å"If you were to die, there wouldn’t be anyone on earth who would remember me,† she says (p. 325). The soul, they say, needs models for its mimesis in order to recollect eternal verities and primordial images.   If in its life on earth it does not meet these as mirrors of the soul’s core, mirrors in which the soul can recognize its truths, then its flame will die and its genius wither.   (p. 159) The girl imagines ugliness representing old age—that ancient mask we all wear once we have passed from the prime years of our life.   Even though the old man is wearing that mask, she doesn’t see it:   she has only her memories carried with her at the time of her death, so she sees him as an eighteen-year-old, also.   For the man, he never experienced his lover as an old woman; thus, her youth is indeed eternal for him. Yasunari uses few characters in both stories, keeping each â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† short and simple.   The narrator in â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile† is joined by the mask buyer, his wife, and his children in the tale, while it is only Shintaro and his young lover in â€Å"Immortality.†Ã‚   We do not see deeply driven characterization in either story, as Yasunari essentially paints portraits of each actor through their thoughts and actions.   Like a beautiful painting of a sunset or sunrise, we must use our imagination amidst the texture and colors of the painting to grasp its deeper meaning. Indeed, Yasunari’s beautiful use of words shines in both stories in his colorful imagery.   It is simple:   â€Å"An old man and a young girl were walking together,† he writes to begin â€Å"Immortality.†Ã‚   He ends that story almost the same way he begins â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile†Ã¢â‚¬â€with the picture of the sky. The color at evening began to drift onto the small saplings behind the great trees.   The sky beyond turned a faint red where the ocean sounded.   (p. 326). â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile,† on the other hand, begins with the image of the sky as well.   â€Å"The sky had turned a deep shade; it looked like the surface of a beautiful celadon porcelain piece† (p. 128).   It is a daydream of sorts, a beautiful portrait into which Yasunari takes the reader as he moves through the inner world of the film writer. Both stories are magical.   It is the â€Å"magic of those trees† (p. 325) that captures the imagination of Shintaro and his young lover.   Those trees are part of land his family owned, and he later sold to the men who turned the land into a golfer’s driving range.   The trees are on land overseeing the ocean where the girl jumped to her death.   Trees are sacred and magical in many mythologies.   Buddha gained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree, and many myths use trees as the focus for rebirth (Anderson, 1990, p. 25).   In the same regard, the ocean, too, is a mythical place:   from where gods and goddess reside and in the Greek legend Odysseus sailed before being reuniting with his lover (Anderson, p. 25). The magic of â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile† comes in the healing properties of the masks.   It is through the image of the mask that the film writer is able to create an ending for his story—a â€Å"beautiful daydream† (p. 128) to conclude the â€Å"dark story† (p. 129).   The masks represent his own distrust of himself and the world around him, covering with an artificial beauty the truth that lies behind them.   The masks magically hide what is true and meant to be revealed—whether it is an â€Å"ugly demon† (p. 132) or an â€Å"ever-smiling gentle face† (p. 132). What is also interesting about â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile† is in how the film writer’s screenplay is based on a scene inside a mental hospital.   We learn later that his wife is in a hospital of sorts—and we never learn the exact nature of her illness.   Could it be a mental hospital?   And might her hospitalization also be a reflection of his â€Å"gloomy† personality (p. 129)?   He’s afraid of what is hiding behind the masks—so much that his initial reaction to putting on the mask himself is fear.   â€Å"The mask is no good.   Art is no good† (p. 132).   Masks and art each reveal the hidden dimensions.   The film writer himself uses his films to balance his own â€Å"gloomy† personality.   Yet the shadows of life are revealed through film and art, and are experienced in hospitals.   Each is an aspect of â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile.† Yasunari gives much to think about regarding our relationship to each other and ourselves in â€Å"The Man Who Did Not Smile,† and to our relationship with the magic of eternal love in â€Å"Immortality.†Ã‚   Both reveal the hidden aspects of our existence on earth, offering us a short look at the feeling of living in a world of melancholy and loneliness amid what we call beauty.   Our own mortality rises from the depths of eternity through these stories, and it is in the hidden beauty of our daily lives that Yasunari’s works can be realized. Bibliography Anderson, William.   (1990).   Green man:   The archetype of our oneness with the earth. London:   HarperCollins. Hillman, James.   (1996).   The soul’s code.   New York:   Warner Books. Jung, C. G.   (1983). Definitions.   (R. F. C. Hull,Trans.). In   A. Storr (Ed.). The essential Jung:   Selected writings.   (V. S. de Laszlo, Ed.) (Pp. 97-105).   Princeton:   Princeton University Press.   (Original work published 1921). Jung, C. G.   (1983). The relations between the ego and the unconscious.   (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). In   A. Storr (Ed.). The essential Jung:   Selected writings.   (V. S. de Laszlo, Ed.) (Pp. 94-97).   Princeton:   Princeton University Press.   (Original work published 1929). Ljukkonen, Petri.   (2005).   Yasunari Yasunari.   Retrieved November 19, 2005 from http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/Yasunari.htm. Yasunari, Yasunari.   (1990).   The man who did not smile.   (L. Dunlop, Trans.).   In Palm-of-the-hand Stories.   (J. Martin Holman, Trans.).   (Pp. 128-132).   San Francisco:   North Point Press.   (Original work published 1929). Yasunari, Yasunari.   (2005).   Immortality.   In (G. Dasgupta, J. Mei, Ed).   Stories about us.   (Pp. 323-325).   Nashville:   Thomas Nelson Publishers.   (Original work published 1963). How to cite Beauty is not so easily measured, Essay examples

Mental Health Nursing Health Assessments

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing for Health Assessments. Answer: Introduction: 1. According to the mental health assessments done on Justin, they work as therapy for mental illness. He was positive on any treatment recommended by the therapist including medication. Therefore, he has requested a male nurse to check on him which will remind him of his uncle Reggie who passed away. The impact of his modern life has even helped him to recognize the importance of his family and wishes to finish treatment within a short period that he can join his family. Due to the therapy he is going through, Justin suicidal ideation reduced and he can identify resources and supportive means in cases of such ideas (Athena, 2014). Theories are considered to be historical with cultural and some religious influences. However, there are some grand theories relating to Justins mental assessment. Comfort theory is a nursing theory and was developed in the 1990s which it described support in relief, ease and transcendence (Napier, 2014). Specific comfort needs similar to which Justin was undergoing like sleeping the whole day due to the perioperative pain of losing his uncle and also failing his family and community. According to the comfort theory, the patient is comfortable with a state of contentment and not willing to do anything the whole day (Ross, 2013). Justin condition is mainly impacted by the events that take place in his life. Being a diabetic patient then being bullied in school, losing his uncle who he looked upon led him to transcendence condition as explained in the comfort theory (Every, 2015) 2. According to Jenkins (2015), mental illness is a disease that causes trivial or severe mind disturbance affecting the patients thoughts and behaviors which may result in altering the patients demands. There are different forms of classified mental illness some with depression, bipolar disorder, and sometimes anxiety disorders. The symptoms may include moodiness, personality changes, and social withdrawal (Ross, 2013). Some mental illness may be related to stress or complicated series of uncomfortable events. Mental illness affects both physical, emotional and the psychology of the patient. According to Napier, (2014), all this are cultural courses of mental illness because mental illness may be generic or caused by environmental factors. Justin has always identified his culture strongly, and feels connected to the land and loves being in the bush and caring for his people. He has always believed in passing the substantial knowledge, wisdom and the firm sense of identity to his children (Gleig, 2014). His biggest worry is seeing his culture diminishing and even some of his cousins forgetting their culture to an extent of using drugs. Family and culture are important to Justins and respect to his elders. According to Enrico, (2013) he describes the culture and life by using the human becoming theory. The human becoming theory posits that "the quality of life by a person perspective of a quality life which is a reflection of bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach" which according to Justin was in the culture (Ross, 2013). 3. Values and attributes from the way mentally ill patients are served and delivered. By respecting Justins family traditional culture. Through respecting diversity cultures among families and spirituality, it would be much easy to talk to Justin (Harriet, 2015). All the people have the right to choose their culture and be respected by everyone and protected privacy. Attributes are a way of thinking which is created due to a persons behavior (Lemelson Tucker, 2015). A positive attribute towards a mentally ill patient is a way of assisting the patients recovery. Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory guide the nurse in providing care corresponding to cultural values, beliefs, and practices to a patient (Jenkins, 2015). Attitudes involve understanding beliefs, feelings and values (Ross, 2013). Justins culture was more traditional and needed someone who clearly understands it to deal will Justins condition. Through respecting the attributes and values, Justin would communicate more about his condition hence helping him having the right medication. 4. Justine loves his family and has passion about them in session 4. He says he hates being in the hospital and missing his family makes him feel worse he even describes himself being a happy go lucky person because he enjoys family gatherings and having his mates around. He has always grown with the sense of working and supporting his family though his condition has let him down (Harriet, 2015). The adaptation theory can assist Justin in adopting a new environment and change from the remote areas to the new environment where he has to receive health care (Jenkins, 2015). He loves his country and has never been away from home. He has always been taught to invite people from other nations (Seth, 2014). Justins family should acknowledge the effects of his illness and have hopes that he will recover. When family clearly understands his condition through love and support, he is likely to feel appreciated by the family and his presence being acknowledged. They should also do things that support him and encourage him in his journey to recovery. By showing interest, Justins will recover faster because he already acknowledges his family and loves them back. Having a mental illness and a diabetic patient at home is not easy for his family too. However courage comes from the family, and this should support Justins condition to getting better (Napier, 2015). 5. A sustainable society exists within self-perpetuating limits of the environment with the community recognizing the growth and alternatives. According to the environmental theory, the act of utilizing the environment helps greatly in a patients recovery (Jenkins, 2015). Justin environment was remote where he lived with his parents and siblings and the extended family. Growing in a remote area with strong cultural background could have been a reason for delayed recovery process (Athena, 2014). Justin had critical cultural affiliations and beliefs which had been handed down from generations to generations. The most active alliances being his uncle Reggie and his family with is uncle being close hence playing a cultural role (Kennedy Fried, 2015). During his upbringing uncle, Reggie taught him stories of his people, spirituality and cultural he also learned about bush medicine and Tucker for healing (Harriet, 2015) With Justin believing on tradition and bush medicine he thought that treatment in the city would not help him in his process. He saw his cultural rights being manipulated by being taken to a city hospital while he had believed in the traditional healing process. 6. Culturally safe care is the actions in the health care system which recognizes and respects different cultural ethnicities of different patients, safely meeting each expectation and their rights (Heather, 2015). Justin was brought up in a deep spiritual and cultural affiliations and with the new environment which he encountered during this treatment made him resist the new culture. Statistics by Heather, (2015) show that people who cultural health care are more likely to get healed faster because they have a feeling of empowerment throughout their healing process. Culturally safe patients are more willing to share information about their health concerns due to the home feeling; they feel cared for and their culture being respected. Patients are more willing to come back for treatment and follow recommended treatment given by their medicals (Athena, 2014). Learning of patients culture is important, and the process begins by understanding the background information of a patient understanding popular myths in the patient's region (Athena 2014). The health practitioners who take care of Justin should know the cultures of where he comes from having in mind that he comes from a more remote area. They should also value his culture openly and avoid all stereotypical barriers between themselves. Culture care theory mainly explains the awareness of diversity between different cultures and races which help in the health care setting (Jenkins, 2015). 7. Attention and behavior reveal much of a persons emotional state and attitude. According to Justins mental statement and examination, he spoke through his speech in a slow manner; there was latency in his response and monotone and devoid of expression (Ross, 2013). He often provided monosyllabic answers unless prompted. His mood was described low and lacked energy and motivation, his appetite decreased immensely for the last six months and had difficulty in sleeping and reported that he work up early. There was evidence of diurnal mood variation stating that he feels down at the beginning of the day, therefore, spending the rest of the day sleeping (Jenkins, 2015). The mood is a persons steady emotional state, and when they appear depressed, they develop questions of suicidal because they think they are becoming a bother to the community. According to mental health assessment for Justin, the helping art of clinical nursing theory is portrayed with accessing of the purpose of the ex amination, the art and the main purpose of the assessment (Scully, 2013). 8. People form of communication varies from different cultures, and the primary aspect is language usage. According to Justins one to one intervention notes on session one he is given the chance to express himself, and he says that he is taken to crazy people ward. In traditional cultures, a higher sense of value is placed on maintaining relationships and that what the nurses tried to keep (Scully, 2013). According to Hildegard Peplaus Interpersonal Relations Theory, the relationship between the nurse and Justin is very crucial in his wellbeing so as to cover the gap between his remote area and the city. This theory can help Justin rational thinking of traditional medicine to the modern medicine (Mutsatsa, 2015). Maintaining a close relationship with the patient results to the patients opening up about his conditions (Athena, 2014). Justins opens up about his uncles death which has led them to grieve and his family and even how he feels that he is letting his family down. The interviewer doesnt use complicated words on Justin giving room for Justin to open up even more. Due to this Justin accepts to be meeting daily for a 30-minute session and agreed to start a list of feelings and get clarifications were possible. The health professionals gave Justin the rights of making his decisions as a form of appreciating his culture and conditions (Sederer, 2013). During all the sessions Justin is given a chance to express himself in his manner of the way and not forced to attend the meetings. The roles of decisions may vary differently from cultures, and the health practitioners respected that. In the fifth day of his session, he did not attend claiming that he was too tired though no one forced him to attend (Jenkins, 2015). 9. Justin remains in a low mood even on his seventh day; he still says he has nothing to live for and doesnt see any future for himself. He doesnt feel good about himself and believes that he should not go back into the community because his dreams are telling him that he has done something terrible. Suicidal identification is seen with Justin articulation to end his life and wishes that he had more energy and would run and just do it. However, options of discharging him are mention to him briefly, and he has said that he wants to go home, his family are happy, but he still prefers to stay in bed (Sederer, 2013). The theory of goal attainment by Imogene describes the nurse and family go hand in hand with patience recovery and attainment of his goals (Hemingway Greenman, 2015). However, his family has to support his well-being by being bit closer for him to feel the warmth of their love because we will be closer to his family than the medics (Harriet, 2015). His family should also encourage him in his life endeavors and show him that he is not a loser this will motivate him more in his healing process. 10. About Justins story have learned its good to be self-aware of your culture by working out self-believes and values just like Justin. He believed in his ancestor's lands, and his family maintained strong cultural beliefs which have been from generation to generation. Justin was thought about his people by his uncle. However, he did not interact with other cultures due to living in a remote area all his life far from the city. Talking to people of different cultures is necessary for also understanding their cultures and knowing the barriers between them. By doing research for various cultures will help understanding other different cultures (Mutsatsa, 2015). The philosophy of science and caring is shown in the entire Justins process by demonstrating care in the described processes, promoting growth and healing processes. Bibliography Athena, D. 2014. Communicating about health: current issues and perspectives, New York: Oxford University Press. Every, D. 2015. "Different but also the same: mental illness and bushfire planning, preparation and response." Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Vol 30 no. 4. Gleig, A. 2014. "Dharma Diversity and Deep Inclusivity at the East Bay Meditation Center: From Buddhist Modernism to Buddhist Postmodernism." Contemporary Buddhism, v15 n2 312-331. 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